LETTER TO GOVERNMENTS OF THE G20 NATIONS.

LETTER TO GOVERNMENTS OF THE G20 NATIONS.

WE ARE WRITING TO CALL FOR IMMEDIATE INTERNATIONALLY COORDINATED ACTION – WITHIN THE NEXT FEW DAYS – TO ADDRESS OUR DEEPENING GLOBAL HEALTH AND ECONOMIC CRISES FROM COVID-19.THE COMMUNIQUE FROM THE G20 EXTRAORDINARY LEADERS’ SUMMIT ON MARCH 26, 2020, RECOGNIZED THE GRAVITY AND URGENCY OF THE ENTWINED PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC CRISES, BUT WE NOW REQUIRE URGENT SPECIFIC MEASURES THAT CAN BE AGREED ON WITH SPEED AND AT SCALE: EMERGENCY SUPPORT FOR GLOBAL HEALTH INITIATIVES LED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) AND EMERGENCY MEASURES TO RESTORE THE GLOBAL ECONOMY.

BOTH REQUIRE WORLD LEADERS TO COMMIT TO FUNDING FAR BEYOND THE CURRENT CAPACITY OF OUR EXISTING INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.IN 2008-2010, THE IMMEDIATE ECONOMIC CRISIS COULD BE SURMOUNTED WHEN THE ECONOMIC FAULT LINE – UNDER-CAPITALIZATION OF THE GLOBAL BANKING SYSTEM – WAS TACKLED.

NOW, HOWEVER, THE ECONOMIC EMERGENCY WILL NOT BE RESOLVED UNTIL THE HEALTH EMERGENCY IS EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED: THE HEALTH EMERGENCY WILL NOT END SIMPLY BY CONQUERING THE DISEASE IN ONE COUNTRY ALONE,BUT BY ENSURING RECOVERY FROM COVID-19 IN ALL COUNTRIES.GLOBAL HEALTH MEASURESALL HEALTH SYSTEMS – EVEN THE MOST SOPHISTICATED AND BEST FUNDED– ARE BUCKLING UNDER THE PRESSURES OF THE VIRUS. YET IF WE DO NOTHING AS THE DISEASE SPREADS IN POORER AFRICAN, ASIAN, AND LATIN AMERICAN CITIES AND IN FRAGILE COMMUNITIES WHICH HAVE LITTLE TESTING EQUIPMENT, VENTILATORS, AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES; AND WHERE SOCIAL DISTANCING AND EVEN WASHING HANDS ARE DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE,COVID-19 WILL PERSIST THERE AND RE-EMERGE TO HIT THE REST OF THE WORLD WITH FURTHER ROUNDS THAT WILL PROLONG THE CRISIS.WORLD LEADERS MUST IMMEDIATELY AGREE TO COMMIT $8 BILLION – ASSET OUT BY THE GLOBAL PREPAREDNESS MONITORING BOARD – TO FILL THE MOST URGENT GAPS IN THE COVID-19 RESPONSE.

THIS INCLUDES: $1 BILLION THIS YEAR URGENTLY NEEDED BY WHO: THIS WOULD ENABLE WHO TO CARRY OUT ITS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT MANDATE IN FULL.WHILE IT HAS LAUNCHED A PUBLIC APPEAL – 200,000 INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GENEROUSLY DONATED MORE THAN $100MILLION – IT CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO DEPEND ON CHARITABLE DONATIONS. $3 BILLION FOR VACCINES: THE COALITION FOR EPIDEMIC PREPAREDNESS INNOVATIONS (CEPI) IS COORDINATING THE GLOBAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DEVELOP AND SCALE UP EFFECTIVE COVID-19 VACCINES. IN ADDITION GAVI, THE VACCINE ALLIANCE WILL HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE PROCURING AND EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTING VACCINES TO THE POOREST COUNTRIES AND REQUIRES $7.4 BILLION FOR ITS REPLENISHMENT: THIS SHOULD BE FULLY FUNDED. $2.25 BILLION FOR THERAPEUTICS:

THE COVID-19 THERAPEUTICS ACCELERATOR AIMS TO DELIVER 100 MILLION TREATMENTS BY THE END OF 2020 AND IS SEEKING THESE FUNDS TO RAPIDLY DEVELOP AND SCALE-UP ACCESS TO THERAPEUTICS. INSTEAD OF EACH COUNTRY, OR STATE OR PROVINCE WITHIN IT,COMPETING FOR A SHARE OF THE EXISTING CAPACITY, WITH THE RISK OF RAPIDLY INCREASING PRICES, WE SHOULD ALSO BE VASTLY INCREASING CAPACITY BY SUPPORTING THE WHO IN COORDINATING THE GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES, SUCH AS TESTING KITS, PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT, AND ITU TECHNOLOGY TO MEET FULLY THE WORLDWIDE DEMAND. WE WILL A NEED TO STOCKPILE AND DISTRIBUTE ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT.A FURTHER $35 BILLION WILL BE REQUIRED, AS HIGHLIGHTED BY WHO, TO SUPPORT COUNTRIES WITH WEAKER HEALTH SYSTEMS AND ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, INCLUDING THE PROVISION OF VITAL MEDICAL SUPPLIES, SURGE SUPPORT TO THE NATIONAL HEALTH WORKFORCE (70% OF WHOM IN MANY COUNTRIES ARE UNDERPAID WOMEN), AND STRENGTHENING NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND PREPAREDNESS. ACCORDING TO WHO, ALMOST 30% OF COUNTRIES HAVE NO COVID-19 NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE PLANS AND ONLY HALF HAVE A NATIONAL INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM.

HEALTH SYSTEMS IN LOWER INCOME COUNTRIES WILL STRUGGLE TO COPE; EVEN THE MOST OPTIMISTIC ESTIMATES FROM IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON SUGGEST THERE WILL BE 900,000 DEATHS IN ASIA AND 300,000 IN AFRICA.WE PROPOSE THE CONVENING OF A GLOBAL PLEDGING CONFERENCE – ITSTASK SUPPORTED BY A G20 EXECUTIVE TASK FORCE – TO COMMIT RESOURCES TO MEETING THESE EMERGENCY GLOBAL HEALTH NEEDS.GLOBAL ECONOMIC MEASURES MUCH HAS BEEN DONE BY NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS TO COUNTER THE DOWNWARD SLIDE OF THEIR ECONOMIES. BUT A GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROBLEM REQUIRES A GLOBAL ECONOMIC RESPONSE. OUR AIM SHOULD BE TO PREVENT A LIQUIDITY CRISIS TURNING INTO A SOLVENCY CRISIS, AND A GLOBAL RECESSION BECOMING A GLOBAL DEPRESSION.

TO ENSURE THIS,BETTER COORDINATED FISCAL, MONETARY, CENTRAL BANK, AND ANTI PROTECTIONIST INITIATIVES ARE NEEDED. THE AMBITIOUS FISCAL STIMULI OF SOME COUNTRIES WILL BE ALL-THE-MORE EFFECTIVE IF MORE STRONGLY COMPLEMENTED BY ALL COUNTRIES IN A POSITION TO DO SO. A WIDER GROUP OF CENTRAL BANKS SHOULD BE GIVEN ACCESS TO THE ARRANGEMENTS FOR CURRENCY SWAPS AND THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) SHOULD ENTER INTO SWAP ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE MAJOR CENTRAL BANKS. THE IMF SHOULD USE THOSE HARD CURRENCY RESOURCES AND ESTABLISH ITS OWN SWAP LINE FACILITY TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO EMERGING AND DEVELOPING NATIONS. BUT IT IS VITAL THAT IF WE ARE TO PREVENT MASS REDUNDANCIES, THE GUARANTEES THAT ARE BEING GIVEN IN EACH COUNTRY ARE RAPIDLY FOLLOWED THROUGH BY BANKS VIA ON-THE GROUND SUPPORT FOR COMPANIES AND INDIVIDUALS.

THE EMERGING ECONOMIES – AND IN PARTICULAR THOSE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES – NEED SPECIAL HELP, NOT THE LEAST IN ENSURING THAT SUPPORT REACHES ALL THOSE AFFECTED BY THE DRASTIC DECREASE IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE IMF HAS SAID IT WILL MOBILIZE ALL OF ITS AVAILABLE RESOURCES. THERE SHOULD BE AN ADDITIONAL ALLOCATION OF AROUND $500-$600 BILLION IN SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDRS). AT THE SAME TIME, TO ENSURE SUFFICIENT FUNDING FOR INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES, WE ENCOURAGE IMF MEMBERS TO ALLOW LENDING QUOTA LIMITS TO BE EXCEEDED IN COUNTRIES MOST IN NEED. THE WORLD BANK AND MANY OF THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN RECAPITALIZED, BUT MORE WILL BE NEEDED. IT IS LIKELY THAT, AS IN 2009 WHEN THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT’S (IBRD) SPENDING ALONE WENT FROM $16 BILLION TO $46 BILLION, IT – AND THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS – WILL NEED A MUCH LARGER EXPANSION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES.

TO MEET ITS RESPONSIBILITIES FOR HUMANITARIAN AID, AND FOR REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PEOPLE, WHOSE PLIGHT IS LIKELY TO BECOME DESPERATE, AND FOR THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, UN AGENCIES HAVE ISSUED THIS WEEK AN IMMEDIATE CALL FOR $2 BILLION OF ADDITIONAL RESOURCES THAT ARE URGENTLY NEEDED. THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY SHOULD WAIVE THIS YEAR’S POORER COUNTRIES’ DEBT REPAYMENTS, INCLUDING $44 BILLION DUE FROM AFRICA, AND CONSIDER FUTURE DEBT RELIEF TO ALLOW POOR COUNTRIES THE FISCAL SPACE TO TACKLE THE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

WE ASK THE G20 TO TASK THE IMF AND THE WORLD BANK TO FURTHER ASSESS THE DEBT SUSTAINABILITY OF AFFECTED COUNTRIES. WE AGREE WITH AFRICAN AND DEVELOPING COUNTRY LEADERS THAT GIVEN THE EXISTENTIAL THREAT TO THEIR ECONOMIES, THE INCREASING DISRUPTION TO LIVELIHOODS AND EDUCATION AND THEIR LIMITED CAPACITY TO CUSHION PEOPLE AND COMPANIES, THAT AT LEAST $150BILLION OF OVERALL SUPPORT WILL BE NEEDED FOR HEALTH, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, AND OTHER URGENT HELP.THESE ALLOCATIONS SHOULD BE AGREED TO IMMEDIATELY, COORDINATED BY A G20 EXECUTIVE TASK FORCE AS PART OF THE G20 ACTION PLAN,AND BE CONFIRMED IN FULL AT THE UPCOMING IMF AND WORLD BANK MEETINGS. THE TWO CORE ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN REASSURANCES THAT ADDITIONAL BILATERAL FUNDING WILL BE FORTHCOMING AND THE NEED FOR FURTHER CAPITAL INJECTIONS AGREED.THE LONGER-TERM SOLUTION IS A RADICAL RETHINK OF GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND A REFASHIONING – TOGETHER WITH PROPER RESOURCING – OFTHE GLOBAL HEALTH AND FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE.THE UNITED NATIONS, THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE G20 NATIONS, AND INTERESTED PARTNERS SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO COORDINATE FURTHER ACTION.SIGNED (A),

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Signatures

Bertie Ahern Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland (1997-2008)Montek Singh Ahluwalia Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India (2004-2014)Masood AhmedPresident of the Center for Global DevelopmentEdmond AlphandéryMinister of the Economy, Finances and Industry of France (1993-1995); Founder &Chairman of the Euro 50 GroupHE Dr Abdulaziz Altwaijri Director General of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(1991-2019)Giuliano Amato Prime Minister of Italy (1992-1993; 2000-2001)Mohamed AmersiFounder & Chairman, The Amersi FoundationLouise Arbour UN Special Representative for International Migration; UN High Commissioner forHuman Rights (2004-2008)Óscar AriaPresident of Costa Rica (2006-2010)¹Shaukat AzizPrime Minister of Pakistan (2004-2007)²Gordon BajnaiPrime Minister of Hungary (2009-2010)Jan Peter BalkenendePrime Minister of the Netherlands (2002-2010)¹HE Joyce BandaPresident of Malawi (2012-2014)¹Ehud BarakPrime Minister of Israel (1999-2001)³Nicolás Ardito BarlettaPresident of Panama (1984-1985)José Manuel BarrosoPrime Minister of Portugal (2002-2004); President of the European Commission(2004-2014); Non-Executive Chairman of Goldman Sachs International¹Kaushik BasuPresident of the International Economic Association; Chief Economist of the WorldBank (2012-2016)Dr Deus BaziraCo-Director of the Center for Global Health Practice and Impact & AssociateProfessor of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterMarek Belka MEPPrime Minister of Poland (2004-2005); Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Finance(2001-2002); Director of European Department, IMF (2008-2010)Nicolas BerggruenChairman of the Berggruen Institute²Professor Erik BerglöfDirector of the Institute of Global Affairs, London School of Economics; ChiefEconomist of the EBRD (2006-2014)Sali BerishaPresident of Albania (1992-1997); Prime Minister (2005-2013)³Sir Tim BesleyPresident of the International Economic Association (2014-2017); Professor ofEconomics and Political Science, LSECarl BildtPrime Minister of Sweden (1991-1994); Minister for Foreign Affairs (2006-2014)¹Valdis BirkavsPrime Minister of Latvia (1993-1994)¹Tony BlairPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007)James Brendan BolgerPrime Minister of New Zealand (1990-1997)Kjell Magne BondevikPrime Minister of Norway (1997-2000; 2001-2005)¹Patrick BoltonProfessor of Finance and Economics, Imperial College London; Professor,Columbia UniversityLakhdar BrahimiMinister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria (1991-1993); UN & Arab League Envoy to Syria(2012-2014); Member of The EldersGordon BrownPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007-2010)Gro Harlem BrundtlandPrime Minister of Norway (1990-1996); Director General of the WHO (1998-2003);Member of The Elders¹John BrutonTaoiseach of the Republic of Ireland (1994-1997)¹Felipe CalderónPresident of Mexico (2006-2012)¹Rafael Ángel CalderónPresident of Costa Rica (1990-1994)Mauricio CárdenasMinister of Finance of Colombia (2012-2018); Visiting Professor, Columbia UniversityFernando Henrique CardosoPresident of Brazil (1995-2002)¹Hikmet ÇetinMinister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (1991-1994)³Laura ChinchillaPresident of Costa Rica (2010-2014)¹HE Joaquim ChissanoPresident of Mozambique (1986-2005)¹Alfredo CristianiPresident of El Salvador (1989-1994)Helen ClarkPrime Minister of New Zealand (1999-2008); UNDP Administrator (2009-2017)¹Emil ConstantinescuPresident of Romania (1996-2000)³Ertharin CousinExecutive Director of the World Food Programme (2012-2017)Herman De CrooPresident of the Chamber of Representatives of Belgium (1999-2007)³Mirko CvetkovićPrime Minister of Serbia (2008-2012)³Gavyn DaviesCo-Founder & Chairman, Fulcrum Asset Management; Chief Economist & Chairmanof Global Investment Dept, Goldman Sachs (1988-2001); Chairman, BBC (2001-2004)Božidar ĐelićDeputy Prime Minister of Serbia (2007-2011)Kemal DervişMinister of Economic Affairs of Turkey (2001-2002); Administrator of UNDP (2005-2009); Senior Fellow Global Economy and Development, Brookings InstituteRuth DreifussPresident of the Swiss Confederation (1999); Member of the Swiss Federal Council(1993-2002)Dr Mark DybulExecutive Director of the The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria(2012-2017); Co-Director of the Center for Global Health Practice and Impact &Professor of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterDr Victor J. DzauPresident of the National Academy of MedicineMikuláš DzurindaPrime Minister of Slovakia (1998-2006); Minister of Foreign Affairs (2010-2012)Gareth EvansForeign Minister of Australia (1988-1996); President and CEO of International CrisisGroup (2000-2009)Professor Sir Jeremy FarrarDirector of the Wellcome TrustJan FischerPrime Minister of the Czech Republic (2009-2010); Finance Minister (2013-2014)³Joschka FischerMinister of Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany (1998-2005)Franco FrattiniMinister of Foreign Affairs of Italy (2002-2004; 2008-2011); European Commissioner(2004-2008)³Chiril GaburiciPrime Minister of Moldova (2015); Minister of Economy and Infrastructure (2018-2019)³Ahmed GalalFinance Minister of Egypt (2013-2014)Nathalie de GaulleChairwoman & Co-founder of NB-INOV; Founder of Under 40³César GaviriaPresident of Colombia (1990-1994); Secretary-General of the Organization ofAmerican States (1994-2004)¹Felipe GonzalezPrime Minister of Spain (1982-1996)²Dr Hamish GrahamConsultant Paediatrician & Research Fellow at the Royal Children’s Hospital andCentre for International Child Health, University of MelbourneBryan Grenfell OBE FRSKathryn Briger and Sarah Fenton Professor of Ecology and Public Affairs, PrincetonUniversityAmeenah Gurib-FakimPresident of Mauritius (2015-2018)³Sergei GurievChief Economist of the EBRD (2016-2019); Professor of Economics, Sciences PoAlfred GusenbauerChancellor of Austria (2000-2008)¹Lucio GutiérrezPresident of Ecuador (2003-2005)Tarja HalonenPresident of Finland (2000-2012)¹Ricardo HausmannMinister of Planning of Venezuela (1992-1993); Professor at the Kennedy School ofGovernment, HarvardToomas Hendrik IlvesPresident of Estonia (2006-2016)Edward C. HolmesARC Australian Laureate Fellow; Professor, University of SydneyBengt HolmströmNobel Laureate for Economic Sciences (2016); Professor of Economics, MITOsvaldo HurtadoPresident of Ecuador (1981-1984)¹Mo IbrahimFounder of Celtel; Chairman of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation²Ekmeleddin İhsanoğluSecretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (2004-2014)³Dalia ItzikInterim President of Israel (2007); President of the Knesset (2006-2009)³Mladen IvanićMember of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2014-2018)³Gjorge IvanovPresident of North Macedonia (2009-2019)³Hina JilaniAdvocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan; Member of The EldersMehdi JomaaPrime Minister of Tunisia (2014-2015)¹Ivo JosipovićPresident of Croatia (2010-2015)³Mats KarlssonVice President, External Affairs at the World Bank (1999-2011)³Caroline Kende-RobbExecutive Director of the Africa Progress Panel (2011-2017); Secretary General ofCARE International (2018-2020)John KeyPrime Minister of New Zealand (2008-2016)HE Jakaya KikwetePresident of Tanzania (2005-2015)Ban Ki-MoonUN Secretary General (2007-2016); Deputy Chair of The Elders¹Frederik Willem de KlerkState President of South Africa (1989-1994)Horst KöhlerPresident of Germany (2004-2010)¹Jadranka KosorPrime Minister of Croatia (2009-2011)³HE John KufuorPresident of Ghana (2001-2009)Chandrika KumaratungaPresident of Sri Lanka (1994-2005)¹Luis Alberto Lacalle HerreraPresident of Uruguay (1990-1995)¹Ricardo LagosPresident of Chile (2000-2006); Member of the Elders¹²Zlatko LagumdzijaForeign Affairs Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012-2015)¹Pascal LamyDirector-General of the World Trade Organization (2005-2013)²Hong-Koo LeePrime Minister of South Korea (1994-1995)¹Mark LeonardCo-founder & Director of the European Council on Foreign RelationsYves LetermePrime Minister of Belgium (2009-2011)¹Enrico LettaPrime Minister of Italy (2013-2014)Professor Justin Yifu LinChief Economist & Senior Vice-President of the World Bank (2008-2012); Dean ofInstitute of New Structural Economics, Peking UniversityTzipi LivniMinister of Foreign Affairs of Israel (2006-2009); Minister of Justice (2013-2014)³Petru LucinschiPresident of Moldova (1997-2001)³Nora LustigPresident Emeritus of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association;Professor of Latin American Economics, Tulane UniversityGraça MachelEducation & Culture Minister of Mozambique (1975-1986); Deputy Chair of TheEldersMauricio MacriPresident of Argentina (2015-2019)Jamil MahuadPresident of Ecuador (1998-2000)Sir John MajorPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990-1997)Moussa MaraPrime Minister of Mali (2014-2015)³Giorgi MargvelashviliPresident of Georgia (2013-2018)³Paul MartinPrime Minister of Canada (2003-2006)²Ricardo MartinelliPresident of Panama (2009-2014)Beatrice Weder di MauroPresident, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR); Professor of InternationalEconomics, Graduate Institute in GenevaHE Thabo MbekiPresident of South Africa (1999-2008)¹Péter MedgyessyPrime Minister of Hungary (2002-2004)³Rexhep MeidaniPresident of Albania (1997-2002)¹³Stjepan MesićPresident of Croatia (2000-2010)¹³HE Benjamin MkapaPresident of Tanzania (1995-2005)¹Mario MontiPrime Minister of Italy (2011-2013)²Amre MoussaSecretary General of the Arab League (2001-2011); Minister of Foreign Affairs ofEgypt (1991-2001)³Joseph MuscatPrime Minister of Malta (2013-2020)³Dawn NakagawaExecutive Vice President, Berggruen InstituteAndrew NatsiosExecutive Professor, Bush School of Government & Public Service; Administrator ofUSAID (2001-2006)Bujar NishaniPresident of Albania (2012-2017)³Gustavo NoboaPresident of Ecuador (2000-2003)Chief Olusegun ObasanjoPresident of Nigeria (1999-2007)Dr Ngozi Okonjo-IwealaBoard Chair of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation; Finance Ministerof Nigeria (2011-2015)Lord Jim O’NeillChair of Chatham HouseDjoomart OtorbayevPrime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2014-2015)³Roza OtunbayevaPresident of Kyrgyzstan (2010-2011)¹Leif PagrotskyMinister of Industry and Trade & Minister of Culture and Education of Sweden (1996-2006)Ana PalacioMinister of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2002-2004)³Sir Geoffrey PalmerPrime Minister of New Zealand (1989-90); Chair of the New Zealand LawCommission (2005-2010)George PapandreouPrime Minister of Greece (2009-2011)³Andrés PastranaPresident of Colombia (1998-2002)¹P. J. PattersonPrime Minister of Jamaica (1992-2005)¹Sir Christopher PissaridesNobel Laureate for Economic Sciences (2010); Professor of Economics & PoliticalScience, LSERomano ProdiPrime Minister of Italy (2006-2008); President of the European Commission (1999-2004)Jan PronkMinister for Development Cooperation, The Netherlands (1989-1998); ProfessorEmeritus at the International Institute of Social Studies, The HagueJorge QuirogaPresident of Bolivia (2001-2002)¹Zeid Raad al HusseinUN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014-2018); Member of the EldersIveta RadičováPrime Minister of Slovakia (2010-2012)¹Jose Ramos HortaPresident of East Timor (2007-2012)¹Òscar Ribas ReigPrime Minister of Andorra (1990-1994)¹Mary RobinsonPresident of Ireland (19990-1997); UN High Commissioner for Human Rights; Chairof the Elders¹Miguel Ángel RodríguezPresident of Costa Rica (1998-2002)Dani RodrikPresident-Elect of the International Economic Association; Professor of InternationalPolitical Economy, Harvard UniversityPetre RomanPrime Minister of Romania (1989-1991)¹Kevin RuddPrime Minister of Australia (2007-2010; 2013)²Jorge SampaioPresident of Portugal (1996-2006)¹Julio Maria SanguinettiPresident of Uruguay (1985-1990; 1995-2000)¹Juan Manuel SantosPresident of Colombia (2010-2018); Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2016); Member ofThe EldersKailash SatyarthiNobel Peace Prize Laureate (2014); Founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan, GlobalMarch Against Child Labour & Global Campaign for EducationWolfgang SchüsselChancellor of Austria (2000-2007)Ismail SerageldinVice President of the World Bank (1992-2000); Co-Chair of NGICProfessor John SextonPresident Emeritus, New York University; President (2002-2015); Dean, NYU Schoolof Law (1988-2002)Dame Jenny ShipleyPrime Minister of New Zealand (1997-1999)¹HE Ellen Johnson SirleafPresident of Liberia (2006-2018); Member of The EldersJavier SolanaSecretary General of the Council of the EU (1999-2009); Secretary General of NATO(1995-1999)¹George SorosFounder & Chair of the Open Society FoundationsMichael SpenceNobel Laureate for Economic Sciences (2001); William R. Berkley Professor inEconomics & Business, NYU²Devi SridharProfessor of Global Public Health, University of EdinburghLord Nicholas SternChief Economist & Senior Vice-President of the World Bank (2000-2003); ChiefEconomist of the EBRD (1994-1999) & Professor of Economics and Government,LSEJoseph StiglitzChief Economist of the World Bank (1997-2000); Nobel Laureate for EconomicSciences (2001); Professor, Columbia University²Petar StoyanovPresident of Bulgaria (1997-2002)³Laimdota StraujumaPrime Minister of Latvia (2014-2016)³Federico SturzeneggerPresident of the Central Bank of Argentina (2015-2018); Professor, Universidad deSan AndrésHanna SuchockaPrime Minister of Poland (1992-1993)¹Lawrence SummersUnited States Secretary of the Treasury (1999-2001); Deputy Secretary of theTreasury (1995-1999); Chief Economist of the World Bank (1991-1993); Director of the National Economic Council (2009-2010)²Boris TadićPresident of Serbia (2004-2012)³Ernst-Ludwig von ThaddenPresident, Mannheim University (2012-2019); Professor, Economics DepartmentJigme Y. ThinleyPrime Minister of Bhutan (2008-2013)¹Helle Thorning-SchmidtPrime Minister of Denmark (2011-2015)²Eka TkeshelashviliDeputy Prime Minister of Georgia (2010-2012)³Jean-Claude TrichetPresident of the European Central Bank (2003-2011); Governor of the Bank ofFrance (1993-2003)Danilo TürkPresident of Slovenia (2007-2012); President of WLA Club de MadridCassam UteemPresident of Mauritius (1992-2002)¹Andrés VelascoFinance Minister of Chile (2006-2010); Dean of the School of Public Policy, LSEGuy VerhofstadtPrime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)Vaira Vīķe-FreibergaPresident of Latvia (1999-2007)³Leonard WantchekonFounder & President of the African School of Economics; Professor of Politics andInternational Affairs, Princeton UniversityShang-Jin WeiChief Economist of the Asian Development Bank (2014-2016); Professor of ChineseBusiness and Economy & Finance and Economics, Columbia Business SchoolDr Rowan WilliamsArchbishop of Canterbury (2002-2012); Chair of Christian AidJames WolfensohnPresident of the World Bank (1995-2005)George YeoMinister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore (2004-2011)²Malala YousafzaiNobel Peace Prize Laureate (2014)Kateryna YushchenkoFirst Lady of Ukraine (2005-2010)³Viktor YushchenkoPresident of Ukraine (2005-2010)³José Luis Rodríguez ZapateroPrime Minister of Spain (2004-2011)Valdis ZatlersPresident of Latvia (2007-2011)³Ernesto ZedilloPresident of Mexico (1994-2000); Member of The Elders¹²Min ZhuDeputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (2011-2016)²ActionAid UKGirish Menon, CEOAfrican Center for Economic Transformation (ACET)Dr K.Y. Amoako, President and FounderAlliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)Dr Agnes Kalibata, PresidentCARE International UKLaurie Lee, CEOCatholic Agency for Oversees Development (CAFOD)Christine Allen, DirectorChristian AidAmanda Mukwashi, CEOOxfamDr Danny Sriskandarajah, CEOSave the Children InternationalInger Ashing, CEOSave the Children UKKevin Watkins, CEOTheirworldDr Justin van Fleet, PresidentWaterAid UKTim Wainwright, CEO(a) We are also grateful for the support from:Dr Abiy Ahmed – Prime Minister of EthiopiaHE Julius Maada Bio – President of Sierra LeoneSheikh Hasina – Prime Minister of BangladeshKen Ofori-Atta – Finance Minister of Ghana and Chair of the World BankDevelopment Committee¹ Member of WLA Club de Madrid² Member of the Berggruen Institute 21st Century Council³ Member of Nizami Ganjavi International Center (NGIC)